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Botanical Description It is an erect glabrous spinescent shrub Jordan Rossiter Jersey , 3-6 m in height with obovate to elliptic, subacute to obtuse, entire or toothed leaves. Flowers yellow in corymbose recemes; berries oblong- ovoid to ovoid, bright red.
Distribution
It is distributed in temperate and subtropical parts of Asia, Europe and America. Mostly it is found in Nepal; grown in Nilgiris and all over temperate Himalayas.
Parts Used
Bark, fruit, root, stem, wood.
Actions and Uses
The plant is tonic, stomachic, astringent, antiperiodic, diaphoretic, antipyretic, alterative, emmenagogue and is useful in treatment of jaundice, enlargement of spleen etc. Fresh berries are laxative and anti-scorbutic and useful in piles, sores, and eye diseases, particularly conjunctivitis. Mixed with bark of Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm and honey, they are prescribed in leucorrhoea. A decoction is used as mouth wash for treating swollen gums and toothache. Root bark is used as a bitter tonic, stomachic, cholagogue, antiperiodic and alterative and useful in remittent and intermittent fevers, in debility consequent there from, valuable in periodic neuralgia. Rasanjana (crude extract) is useful in affections of eyelids and chronic ophthalmia.
Karnasrava, Mukharoga, Kantharoga, Vrana, Phiranga, Upadansha, Gandamala Bhagandara, Visarpa, Pradara, Agnimandya,Pravahika, Kamala, Yakridvikara, Aruchi, Trishna, Raktarsha, Raktapitta, Kasa, Raktapradara, Shwetapradara, Mootrashmari, Vastishotha, Twakadosha, Jwara, Jeernajwara, Vishamajwara, Daurbalya.
Doses
Decoction - 50 to 100 ml; Rasanjana (crude extract) - 1 to 3 gm; Fruit - 5 - 10 gm.
Chemical Constituents
Berberine, oxyberberine, berbamine, aromoline, karachine, palmatine, oxycanthine and taxilamine are the main constituents reported from various parts of the plant.
Phytochemistry2 : Contains an isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine as the major bio-active constituent. Other alkaloid include berbamine, aromoline, karachine, palmatine, oxyacanthine, oxyberberine, taxilamine etc.
Active Principle : Berberine
Therapeutic use : Diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer
Wealth of India, CSIR (New Delhi), 1998, Vol.2, P. 114
Analytical Specification Of The Crude Drug
Colour and Appearance : Wood hard and yellow, bark yellow to brown from outside and deeply yellow from inside.
Taste : Bitter
Odour : Characteristcic odour.
Physico-chemical analysis
Moisture content
< 7% ww
Ash Content
< 15.0%ww
Acid insoluble ash
< 1.0
Alcohol soluble extractive value
5 - 8 %ww
Water extractive value
< 10
Pharmacological Activities
Hypoglycaemic, anticancer, gastro-irritant, antifatigue anticoagulant, antipyretic, local anesthetic, antiprotozoal, anti T.B., antibacterial, antitumour, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, antitrachoma, CNS depressant.
Toxicolocy
LD50 value of berberine in mice was found to be 25.3 mgkg i.p. Drug was found free from any serious toxicity in human beings.
Formulations and Preparations
Rasanjana, Darvyadi kvatha, Darvyadi leha, Darfvyadi taila, Dashmoola taila, Marichyadi taila, Nagarjuna anjana, Piyushavalli rasa.
Trade and Commerce
Retail market price - Bark - Rs 45 per kg. Powder - Rs 90 per kg (1999)
Substitutes and Adulterants
Curcuma longa (Haridra) is sometimes used as substitute. Berberis lycium Royle and B. asiatica Roxb. ex DC. are also used in medicine as Daruharidra. In South India and Srilanka Coscinium fenestratum Colebr. is known and used as Daruharidra.
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